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Mariner's Weather Handbook
Table of Contents

Dedication

Table of Contents

Introduction

Preface

Having a Feel for the Weather; Understanding the Basics; Proximity--A Key Ingredient; Using This Book; Background Data; Our Approach at Sea

Acknowledgments

Weather Reports; Stay In Touch; Register Your Book; Visit Us On the Internet

What Creates the Weather?

Insolation; Effect on The Atmosphere; Global Weather Patterns; Seasonal Variations; Effects of Differences in Pressure; Coriolis Effect; Evaporation ; Condensation; Weather on a Global Scale; Local Weather Patterns; Backing and Veering Winds; Wind Flow in Highs and Lows

Fronts

Birth of a Depression; Warm Fronts; Cold Fronts; Frontal Speed; Occluded Fronts; Stationary Fronts; Secondary Depressions

Onboard Prediction

Wind Strength; Messages in the Clouds; The Barometer; Along the South African Coast; Wind Direction; Gust Factors; Data from Other Yachts; What the Waves Tell You; Anomalies; Finding Pressure Centers

Reading the Clouds

General Categories of Clouds; Cirrus; Cirrocumulus; Cirrostratus; Altocumulus; Altostratus; Stratus; Nimbostratus; Cumulonimbus; Cumulus

The Extratropical Forecasting Process

National Weather Service's Marine Prediction Center; Upper Level Conditions; Computer Modeling; Forecast Cycle; Budget Issues; When You're at Sea; Who Are the Forecasters?

Surface Forecasts

Common Terms

Radio Forecasts

Antenna Selection; Onboard Interference; Band Conditions; Receiving Voice Forecasts; Nets and Weather Relays

The Weather Fax

Dedicated Fax or Computer?; At the Beginning of a Passage; Symbols; Sample Fax Charts; Interpreting Surface Fax Charts; Compression Zones; Tropical and Subtropical Lows; Isobar Curvature and Wind Speed

Forecasting in Three Dimensions

3-D Low Structure; Divergence; 3-D High Structure; Convergence; Upper-Level Westerlies; Meandering Upper-Level Winds; Ridges and Troughs

Upper-Level Charts

500mb Fax Charts; The Professional's View; Surface Weather Review; What Is a 500mb Contour?; Relative Heights; 5,640-Meter Height Contour; Rules of Thumb; 500mb Atmospheric Waves; Long Waves; Short Waves; Wave Interaction; Picking Out Waves; Short Waves and Surface Lows; Short Wave Trough Life Cycle; Short Wave Trough Interaction; Zonal Pattern; Streams of Flow; Meridional Pattern; Topographic Influences; Ridge Blocking Patterns; Cut-Off Lows; Making Use of 500mb Charts; When Isoheights Are Missing; In the Tropics

Forecasting 500mb Behavior

Zonal to Meridional Transition; Meridional Behavior; Trough Axis Orientation; Cut-Off Low Triggers; Longer Term Weather Patterns; Using Cloud Patterns; Trough Axis Rotation

500mb Recap

Surface to 500mb Offset; Zonal to Meridional Flow; Cut-Off Low Development; Ridge Blocking; Confirming 500mb Projections

The Jet Stream

Jet Stream Components; The Jet Stream in Winter; Cloud Signatures

Low Pressure Tactics

"Normal" Depressions; N. Hemisphere Wind Direction; S. Hemisphere Wind Direction; Wind Strength; Sea State; Basic Decisions; Favored Tack; Running Before a Depression; Favored Jibe; Reaching Across Depressions

Bent Back Warm Fronts

Frontal Structure; Warm Core; Satellite Images; Wind-Field Structure; Warning Signs; Avoidance Tactics; Christmas 1997; Cloud Signatures

Queen's Birthday Storm

June 1, 1994; The Low Deepens; Tactics; What Should Have Happened?; A Meteorologist's View; Reality--Heart of Gold; Details; 500mb View; 500mb Hindsight; Was This a Bent Back Warm Front?

Squalls

Lapse Rates; Upper Atmosphere Requirements; Squall Watch; Predicting Squall Strength; Taking Advantage of the Wind; Getting Away from the Wind; Within the Squall; During the Day; Watch the Barometer; Line Squalls; Land-Generated Thunderheads; Thunder and Lightning; Microbursts; Clear-Air Microbursts; A Final Warning

Auckland to Raivavai

Towards the Australs; An El Nino Year?; Using a Front to Start; Time to Go; Heading Offshore; In Retrospect; High-Seas Broadcast Weather

Weather at Anchor

Rangiroa

Cruising Highs

Circulation About a High; Keep an Eye on Development; Westerly Tradewinds; Highs are Rarely Stable; On Top of the High; Below the High; Unfriendly Highs

Tropical Forecasting

Tropical Prediction Center; Tropical Synoptic Charts

Tropical Cyclones

Storm Genesis; Tropical Waves; Organized Circulation; Maturation; Steering Currents; Risk of Recurving; Speed of Movement; Tropical Storm Geography; Tropical Storm Forecasts; Where to Get Forecasts; Seasons; Macro Forecasting Factors; Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; Recap; Life Cycle of a Hurricane; Diurnal Factors; Early Warning Signs; As the Storm Approaches; The Bar; Weather Fax Data; Dangerous Semicircle; Early Warning with Satellites; How Early Do You React?

The Dvorak Technique

Introduction; Development in General; Satellite Observations of Tropical Cyclones; Early Stages of Tropical Cyclogenisis; Curved Band (Coiling) Stage; Embedded Center Stage; Cloud-Pattern Variability; Arrested Development and Weakening; Additional Tropical Cyclone Cloud Patterns; Diurnal Effects; Cloud Patterns Associated with Tropical Cyclone Motion; A Model of Tropical Cyclone Development

Hurricane Avoidance Tactics

Boat and Crew Factors; Sea Room; Sheltered Conditions; Finding the Storm Center; Establishing the Storm Track; Navigable Semicircle; Courses of Action; Equator Side of the Storm Track; Passaging in Hurricane Season

Using a Weather Router

Communications; Costs; Discussing Your Needs; Trade-offs; Performance Factors

Nuka Hiva to San Diego

Nuka Hiva; Tactics; Hurricane Linda; Depression 15E; Tropical Storm Marty; Nora Matures; Approaching the Coast

Hurricane Nora

San Juanico; Heading North; The Barometer Plummets; Reaching on Starboard Tack; In Hindsight; Outside Information; Transition Mechanics

Tropical to Extratropical Transition of Hurricanes

Warning Signs; Speed of Movement;Tactics; Seasonal Issues

Hurricane Danielle

September 1, 1998; September 2; September 3; September 4; Tactics

Surface Prog Charts

North Pacific

Typhoon Stella

September 16, 1998; September 17; September 18; September 19

500mb Prog Charts

Return from Hawaii

Leaving Port; Making Northing; Cutting Across the High;

Fog

Advection/Sea Fog; Where Do You Find Sea Fog?; Forecasting Sea Fog; Radiation Fog; Using a Sling Psychrometer

Near Land

Land Mass Compression; The Sea Breeze; Down-slope (Katabatic) Winds; Headlands; Special Acceleration Situations; Long Narrow Bays; Coastal Tactics; Holes in the Wind

Special Situations

South Africa; Coastal Tactics; The Gulf Stream; Thermal-Based Weather; Current; Cape Hatteras Weather; Gulf Stream Crossing Tactics

Cruise Planning

Philosophy; Atypical Weather Patterns; Pilot Charts; Sailing Directions; Equinoctial Gale Season; Tropical vs. Mid-Latitude Storms; Tropics; Against the Trades; High Latitudes; Mid-Latitude Considerations; Extreme Temperature Gradients; Hurricane Seasons; The Herd Mentality; Playing the Odds; Long-Term Cruising

The ITCZ (Doldrums)

Crossing Tactics; What to Expect; Using Radar

Tropical and Extratropical Storm Size Comparison

Weather Windows

Boat Speed; Know Your Capabilities; Weather System Speed; Relative Direction; Defining a Good Window; U.S. East Coast Departure

Working with Local Forecasters

Risk Assessment; Weather Cycles; Unusual Local Conditions; Discussing Weather Windows

Severe Weather Review

Tropical Review; Extratropical Review

Weather Forecasting Tools

Priorities; Barometer; Facsimile Receivers; Wind Instruments

Weather Radar

Range and Power; Antenna Size; Control Settings; Use with Squalls; Frontal Systems; Weather Alarm; On Watch

Satellite Direct Receivers

Satellite Direct Suppliers; Weather Routing Software

The Internet

As a Teaching Tool; Practice!; Suggested Web Sites; GRIB Files; Vis5D

Afterword

Additional References

Books

Index

 

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